A

• Approach Channel :Approach channel is typically an artificially dredged portion of the scabbed created to provide adequate navigational depth to the ships entering or leaving the port. Lack of adequate depth can be constraint for large ships from calling from certain ports.
• ABC analysis :Classification of items in an inventory according to importance defined in terms of criteria such as sales volume and purchase volume.
• Accessibility :A carrier's ability to provide service between an origin and a destination.
• Accessorial charges :A carrier's charge for accessorial services such as loading, unloading, pickup, and delivery.
• Action message :An alert that an MRP or DRP system generates to inform the controller of a situation requiring his or her attention.
• Active stock :Goods in active pick locations and ready for order filling.
• Activity-Based Costing :A method of cost management that identifies business activities performed, accumulates costs associated with these activities, and uses various cost drivers to trace costs of activities to the products.
• Advanced shipment notice :A list transmitted to a customer or consignor designating items shipped. May also include expected time of arrival.
• Affreightment, Contract Of :An agreement by an ocean carrier to provide cargo space on a vessel at a specified time and for a specified price to accommodate an exporter or importer.
• Aframax :Tankers up to 120 000 deadweight tonnes, designed for the entry into North American Atlantic ports, with a maximum load. Afra = American Freight Rate Association.
• Agency Fee :A fee charged to the ship by the ship's agent, representing payment for services while the ship was in port. Sometimes called attendance fee.
• Agency tariff :A rate bureau publication that contains rates for many carriers.
• Agent :Representatives in a port, for example, a shipping line.
• Agglomeration :A net advantage a company gains by sharing a common location with other companies.
• Aggregate tender rate :A reduced rate offered to a shipper who tenders two or more class-related shipments at one time and one place.
• All Water :Term used when the transportation is completely by water.
• All-cargo carrier :An air carrier that transports cargo only
• Any-quantity rate :A rate that applies to any size shipment tendered to a carrier; no discount rate is available for large shipments.
• Arrival Notice :Written notice sent by a carrier to a nominated party advising of the arrival of the vessel and/or a certain shipment.
• Artificial Harbor :Artificial harbor is created by constructing physical obstructing structures like break waters, artificial mounds, dykes etc. so that impact of sea currents are minimized and ships can enter the harbor area safely.
• Artificial Lagoon :An artificial lagoon port is established by creation of dredged lagoon, which extends the sea approach into the land area, which protects the ships entering the lagoon area from strong sea currents. New Mangalore port in Karnataka is one such port established in India by carrying out an artificial lagoon.
• Assignment :The transfer of rights, duties, responsibilities, and benefits of an agreement, contract, or financial instrument to a third party.
• Audit :In reference to freight bills, the term audit is used to determine the accuracy of freight bills.
• Auditing :Determining the correct transportation charges due the carrier; auditing involves checking the freight bill for errors, correct rate, and weight.
• Average cost :Total cost, fixed plus variable, divided by total output.

B

• Back Haul :The return movement of a means of transport that has provided a transport service in one direction.
• Back order :The process a company uses when a customer orders an item that is not in inventory; the company fills the order when the item becomes available.
• Backfreight :The owners of a ship are entitled to payment as freight for merchandise returned through the fault of either the consignees or the consignors. Such payment, which is over and above the normal freight, is called backfreight.
• Balance of Trade :The surplus or deficit which results from comparing a country's exports and imports of merchandise only.
• Bale :A large compressed, bound, and often wrapped bundle of a commodity, such as cotton or hay.
• Ballast Discharge :A charter whereby the charterer leases the bare ship and appoints the master and crew himself. Charterer take over all responsibility for the operation of the vessel and expenses for the duration.
• Bareboat charters :The owner leases the vessel without a crew often over a long period. The charterer pays the operating expenses while bareboat rent paid to the owner with a fixed amount every month.
• Barge :The cargo-carrying vehicle which may or may not have its own propulsion mechanism for the purpose of transporting goods. Primarily used by Inland water carriers, basic barges have open tops, but there are covered barges for both dry and liquid cargoes. Barges can be lashed together and either pushed or pulled by tugs, carrying cargo of 60,000 tons or more. Small barges for carrying cargo between ship and shore are known as lighters.
• Barge Jetties :Barge jetties are typically RCC structures that are erected on the water front to handle loading and unloading of cargoes on to barge using grab cranes.
• Barratry :An act committed by the master or mariners of a vessel, for some unlawful or fraudulent purpose, contrary to their duty to the owners, whereby the latter sustain injury. It may include negligence, if so gross as to evidence fraud.
• Barter :The exchange of commodities or services for other commodities or services rather than the purchase of commodities or services with money.
• Base Currency :The currency whose value is "one" whenever a quote is made between two currencies.
• Basing-point pricing :A pricing system that includes a transportation cost from a particular city or town in a zone or region even though the shipment does not originate at the basing point.
• Batch picking :The picking of items from storage for more than one order at a time.
• Bay :A vertical division of a vessel, used as a part of the indication of a stowage place for containers.
• Benefit-cost ratio :An analytical tool used in public planning; a ratio of total measurable benefits divided by the initial capital cost.
• Berth Hire Charges :Berth hire charges from part of the port related dues claimed by the port authorities, which relate to the fees charged to a shipping line towards hiring of the berths for cargo unloading and loading operations at a port. The charges are calculated on the basis of number of berths engaged by a shipping line and the duration of a berth hire in terms of berth days or hours.
• Bilateral agreement :Agreement between the two governments.
• Bill of lading :A document issued on behalf of the carrier which evidences a contract of carriage by sea.
• Bill of Lading Number :The number assigned by the carrier to identify the bill of lading.
• Bill of Lading, Through :A bill of lading to cover goods from point of origin to final destination when interchange or transfer from one carrier to another is necessary to complete the journey.
• Billing :A carrier terminal activity that determines the proper rate and total charges for a shipment and issues a freight bill.
• Binder :A strip of cardboard, thin wood, burlap, or similar material placed between layers of containers to hold a stack together.
• Blanket rate :A rate that does not increase according to the distance a commodity is shipped.
• Bond, In :Goods are held or transported In-Bond under customs control either until import duties or other charges are paid, or in order to avoid paying the duties or charges until a later date.
• Bonded warehousing :A type of warehousing in which companies place goods in storage without paying taxes or tariffs. The warehouse manager bonds himself or herself to the tax or tariff collecting agency to ensure payment of the taxes before the warehouse releases the goods.
• Booking :The act of requesting space and equipment aboard a vessel for cargo which is to be transported.
• Booking Number :The number assigned to a certain space reservation by the carrier or the carrier's agent.
• BOOST :Build-Own-Operate-Share-Transfer (BOOST) is a contractual modality, wherein an investor (a licensee) in involved along with the licensor is involved in building a infrastructure facility, owning and operating the facility for the stipulated period of lease and shares the facility with the licensor and finally transfers the ownership of assets back to the licensor, after the expiry if the lease period.
• BOT :Build-Own-Transfer (BOT) is one of the modes of financing a infrastructure project, wherein private investor builds the infrastructure facility, operates it for a specified lease period and has to finally transfer the ownership rights to the licensor after the expiry of the agreed lease period.
• Boxcar :An enclosed railcar, typically forty to fifty feet long, used for packaged freight and some bulk commodities.
• Box-Ship :Another term for container ship
• Bracing :To secure a shipment inside a carrier's vehicle to prevent damage.
• Break Bulk :Break bulk cargo forms part of the general cargo handled by a port, which comprises of small parcel sizes of various bulk and other minor commodities which are carried in the general cargo holds in a ship.
• Break Bulk Vessel :A vessel designed to handle break bulk cargo.
• Broker :There are 3 definitions for the term "broker": 1) an enterprise that owns & leases equipment 2) an enterprise that arranges the buying & selling of transp., goods, or services 3) a ship agent who acts for the ship owner or charterer in arranging charters.
• Brokers :See Shipbrokers.
• Buffer Stock :A quantity of goods or articles kept in storage to safeguard against unforeseen shortages or demands.
• Buffer Yard :Buffer yard refers to a port-side warehousing of mainly factory-stuffed containers that directly arrive at the port for being loaded on to but need to be temporarily stored till the ship is berthed for loading in the port.
• Bulk :Unpacked cargo such as coal, ore and grain.
• Bulk area :A storage area for large items which at a minimum are most efficiently handled by the palletload.
• Bulk Carrier :Single deck vessel designed to carry homogeneous unpacked dry cargoes such as grain, iron ore and coal.
• Bundling :An occurrence where two or more products are combined into one transaction for a single price.
• Bunker :The reference to the ship?s fuel, that is, the oil used in the ship?s machinery. Taking on board of bunkers known as bunkering.
• Bunker Adjustment Factor :Abbreviation: BAF. Adjustment applied by shipping lines or liner conferences to offset the effect of fluctuation in the cost of bunkers.
• Bunker tank :Spaces on board a vessel to store fuel.
• Bunkers :Quantity of fuel on board a vessel.
• Business logistics :The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.
• Buyer :An enterprise that arranges for the acquisition of goods or services and agrees to payment terms for such goods or services.

C

• Cabotage :Transport of goods between two ports or places located in the same country.
• Cage :(1) A secure enclosed area for storing highly valuable items, (2) a pallet-sized platform with sides that can be secured to the tines of a forklift and in which a person may ride to inventory items stored well above the warehouse floor.
• Capesize :Bulk of the order of 100 000-150 000 tons deadweight.
• Capital Dredging :Capital dredging activity in ports mainly refers to dredging of the approach channel and port basins, which are normally taken up on a one-time basis for creation of basic physical infrastructure of port. Capital dredging projects are also typically highly cost-intensive and considered as part of the capital expenditure of ports.
• Capital intensity :A ship with relatively high capital costs.
• Captive Berths :Captive berths refer to those dedicated berths in a port that are exclusively reserved by a single user for loading and unloading of cargo, under a special contract agreement with the port authority/operator. Some times the shipping lines that have regular movement of their ships at a particular port may also have a captive berth to avoid normal berthing delays.
• Cargo :Goods transported or to be transported, all goods carried on a ship covered by a B/L. As per IMO definition: any goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever carried on a ship, other than mail, ship?s stores, ship?s spare parts, ship?s equipment, stowage material, crew?s effects and passengers? accompanied baggage.
• Cargo Contract (Contract of Affreightment) :The owner agrees to transport a specified quantity of cargo between the agreed destinations over a given period. Often stipulated how long the interval should be between each trip and the maximum size of ship.
• Cargo Dwell Time :Cargo dwell time refers to the total time taken by cargo after it is ready to be loaded till it is actually loaded on to a ship or total time taken before cargo is taken out of the port after being unloaded from ship.
• Cargo hinterland :Cargo hinterland refers to the area contiguous to the port that acts as the point of origin or destination for cargo with respect to cargo handled at any particular port.
• Cargo Manifest :Document which lists all bills of lading particulars of the goods loaded on a vessel, for official and administrative purposes.
• Cargo Related Charges :Cargo-related charges refers to port dues payable on account of cargo loading and unloading operations including its movement to the port-side storage area.
• Carnet :A customs document allowing special categories of goods to cross international borders without payment of duties.
• Carrier :An enterprise engaged in the business of transporting goods.
• Carrier Certificate and Release Order :Used to advise customs of the shipment's details. By means of this document, the carrier certifies that the firm or individual named in the certificate is the owner or consignee of the cargo.
• Carrier Haulage :An inland transport service which is performed by the Carrier and/or a subcontractor for the account and on behalf of the Merchant, in accordance with the conditions and charges of the relevant bill of lading or transport document.
• Carriers :The owners of carrier.
• Cartage :There are two definitions for this term: 1) charge for pick-up and delivery of goods 2) movement of goods locally (short distances).
• Cartel :An association of several independent national or international business organizations that regulates competition by controlling the prices, the production, or the marketing of a product or industry.
• Cartment :Customs form permitting in-bond cargo to be moved from one location to another under Customs control, within the same Customs district. Usually in motor carrier's possession while draying cargo.
• Cash Against Documents :A method of payment for goods in which documents transferring title are given to the buyer upon payment of cash to an intermediary acting for the seller.
• Cash In Advance :A method of payment for goods whereby the buyer pays the seller in advance of shipment of goods.
• Cash with Order :A method of payment for goods where cash is paid at the time of order, and the transaction becomes binding on both buyer and seller.
• Caused Bill of Lading :A bill of lading that contains notations or remarks as to defects in the goods or packaging. Also called foul or dirty bill of lading.
• Certificate of Insurance :A negotiable document indicating that insurance has been secured under an open policy to cover loss or damage to a shipment while in transit.
• Certificate of Origin :A document containing an affidavit to prove the origin of imported goods. Used for customs and foreign exchange purposes.
• CGT (Compensated Gross Tonnage) :Calculated term that is used to make ship of different types comparable at a yard.
• Channel of Distribution :A means by which a manufacturer distributes products from the plant to the ultimate user, including warehouses, brokers, wholesalers, retailers, etc.
• Chargeable Weight :The shipment weight used in determining freight charges. The chargeable weight may be the dimensional weight or, for container shipments, the gross weight of the shipment less the tare weight of the container.
• Charter Party :A contract in which the ship owner agrees to place his vessel or a part of it at the disposal of a third party, the charterer, for the carriage of goods for which he receives a freight per ton cargo, or to let his vessel for a definite period or trip for which a hire is paid.
• Charter Party Bill of Lading :"Charter Party" is a contract between the ship owners and the hirer who may hire the vessel on a voyage basis or duration basis. The document containing the terms and conditions of this contract is known as Charter Party. The shipper who has chartered the ship and may agree to carry the goods of others in the ship and issue a Bill of Lading is called Charter Party Bill of Lading. This kind of Bill of Lading Subject to the terms and conditions agreed upon by the hereof f the ships/ship space and ship owners. Generally, banks do not accept charter Bill of Lading as the ship owner may exercise lien over the goods in case charters do.
• Charter Rates :The tariff applied for chartering tonnage in a particular trade.
• Charterer :The legal person who has signed a charter party with the owner of a vessel or an aircraft and thus hires or leases a vessel or a part of the capacity thereof.
• Classification society :Independent organization, which controls ship safety and quality of both its own national government regulations.
• Clause :Provision in the contract.
• Clean Bill of Lading :A Bill of Lading which does not contain any qualification about the apparent order and condition of the goods to be transported (it bears no stamped clauses on the front of the B/L).It bears no superimposed clauses expressly declaring a defective condition of the goods or packaging (resolution of the ICS 1951).
• Clean on Board :When goods are loaded on board and the document issued on respect to these goods is clean. Note: Through the usage of the UCP 500 rules the term has now become superfluous.
• Clearance :Securing of various formalities and the payment of port charges, customs etc in connection with a vessel bound for or leaving a port. Clear ring managed by the agent employed by the shipping company?s representative in the port.
• Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) :Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) are areas demarcated under the Environment Protection Act, where there are a number of restrictions imposed on construction of any artificial structures with a view to protect the marine ecology, including various forms of marine life and ecological systems.
• Coasting Vessels :Coasting vessels are exclusively engaged in the carriage of cargo and passengers between any port or places in India and are licenced to operate under the coasting licencing provisions of the Merchant Shipping Act 1958. Such vessels also include vessels of the Coast Guard and Indian Navy.
• COFR, Certificate of Financial Responsibility :Certificates required for visits to U.S. ports to indicate that the Company has accepted guarantees of financial resources at the oil spill.
• Collect Freight :Freight payable to the carrier at the port of discharge or ultimate destination. The consignee does not pay the freight charge if the cargo does not arrive at the destination.
• Collective Paper :All documents (commercial invoices, bills of lading, etc.) submitted to a buyer for the purpose of receiving payment for a shipment.
• Combination carrier :Vessels can be used both as tank and bulk carriers.
• Combined Transport :Means the carriage of goods by at least two different modes of transport, from a place at which the goods are taken in charge situated in one country to a place designated for delivery situated in a different country. Combined Transport is also referred to in the USA as "Intermodal Transport" and in other parts of the world as "Multimodal Transport".
• Combined Transport Bill of Lading :Combined Transport Bill of Lading also known as "Multimodal Transport Document". A Combined Transport Bill of Lading is a Bill Lading issued by a shipping company or its agents who act as combined transport operators and carry the goods from start to end. The shipping company or its agents act as principal carrier (called contractual carriers) guaranteeing safe carriage of goods. Such a continues liability is not available in the case of through Bill of Lading. It is a negotiable document issued in sets subject to the we have the Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993, governing issuance of such documents.
• Commercial Invoice :A document created by the seller. It is an official document which is used to indicate, among other things, the name and address of the buyer and seller, the product(s) being shipped, and their value for customs, insurance, or other purposes.
• Commissioners :The estate agent?s fee ? often 1.25 percent of gross freight. On purchase / sale is often one percent of the purchase price.
• Commodities :Any article exchanged in trade, most commonly used to refer to raw materials and agricultural products.
• Commodity Code :A code describing a commodity or a group of commodities pertaining to goods classification. This code can be carrier tariff or regulating in nature.
• Concealed Damage :Damage that is not evident from viewing the unopened package.
• Conference :All the shipping lines operating on the same tree. Within the conference regulated service supply, freight rates etc..
• Conference Carrier :An ocean carrier who is a member of an association known as a "conference." The purpose of the conference is to standardize shipping practices, eliminate freight rate competition, and provide regularly scheduled service between specific ports.
• Consecutive trips :A certain number of single journeys in a sequence can be performed under contracts with shippers.
• Consignee :The party such as mentioned in the transport document by whom the goods, cargo or containers are to be received.
• Consignment :Goods shipped to an overseas agent when an actual purchase has not been made, but when the consignee agrees to sell the goods.
• Consignor :The shipper of goods, or shipper of a transportation movement.
• Consolidation :Collecting smaller shipments to form a larger quantity in order to realize lower transportation rates.
• Consolidation Point :The location where consolidation takes place.
• Consolidator :An enterprise that provides services to group shipments, orders, and/or goods to facilitate movement.
• Consolidator's Bill of Lading :A bill of lading issued by a consolidator as a receipt for merchandise that will be grouped with cargo obtained from other shippers.
• Consortium :Consortium is a form of cooperation between two or more carriers to operate in a particular trade.
• Container :A van, flatrack, open top trailer or other similar trailer body on or into which cargo is loaded and transported without chassis aboard ocean vessels.; a large rectangular or square container/box of a strong structure that can withstand continuous rough handling from ship to shore and back. It opens from one side to allow cargo to be stacked and stowed into it.
• Container :An item of equipment as defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for transport purposes.
• Container Bill of Lading :This type of Bill of Lading indicates that the goods are carried ia a container as one unit of cargo. The container in which the goods are locked-in are generally numbered in a systematic manner indicating ownership, type of container, size size of container and identification number. This facilities quicker loading/unloading at the ports and thus avoids congestion.
• Container Chassis :A vehicle built for the purpose of transporting a container so that, when a container and chassis are assembled, the produced unit serves as a road trailer.
• Container depot :The storage area for empty containers.
• Container Freight Station :The location designated by carriers for receipt of cargo to be packed into containers/equipment by the carrier. At destination, CFS is the location designated by the carrier for unpacking of cargo from equipment/containers.
• Container Freight Station (CFS) :Container Freight Station (CFS) is a customs-bonded warehousing facility, where the containers are stuffed and destuffed for export and import.
• Container Freight Station Charge :The charge assessed for services performed at the loading or discharge location.
• Container ID :An identifier assigned to a container by a carrier.
• Container Lease :The contract by which the owner of containers (lesser) gives the use of container to a lessee for a specified period of time and for fixed payments.
• Container Manifest :Document showing contents and loading sequence of a container.
• Container Number :Identification number of a container consisting of prefix and serial number and check digit. (e.g. ECMU 123456-7)
• Container Shipping Lines Association(CSLA) :Container Shipping Lines Association (CSLA) is a association of container shipping lines in India and takes up issues of common concern to container lines operating in India Ports.
• Container Terminal :An area designated for the stowage of cargoes in container; usually accessible by truck, railroad and marine transportation. Here containers are picked up, dropped off, maintained and housed.
• Container Vessel :A vessel specifically designed for the carriage of containers.
• Container Yard (CY) :A facility at which FCL traffic and empty containers are received from or delivered to the Merchant by or on behalf of the Carrier.
• Containerization :The technique of using a boxlike device in which a number of packages are stored, protected, and handled as a single unit in transit.
• Contraband :Cargo that is prohibited.
• Conventional Dry Bulk Cargo :Conventional dry bulk cargoes refer to cargoes, which are handled like coal, iron ore and food grains.
• Countertrade :A reciprocal trading agreement that includes a variety of transactions involving two or more parties.
• Creek Port :Creek port refers to a port facility that is set up along a creek formation which generally extends the sea approach into the land mass.
• Cross Trader :See Third flag carrier.
• Cube Out :The situation when a piece of equipment has reached its volumetric capacity before reaching the permitted weight limit.
• Cubic Capacity :The carrying capacity of a piece of equipment according to measurement in cubic feet.
• Currency Adjustment Factor :Abbreviation: CAF Adjustment applied by shipping lines or liner conferences on freight rates to offset losses or gains for carriers resulting from fluctuation in exchange rates of tariff currencies.
• Customer :An enterprise that uses the services as provided by another enterprise.
• Customer Order :The seller's internal translation of their buyer's Purchase Order. The document contains much of the same information as the purchase order but may use different Product IDs for some or all of the line items. It will also determine inventory availability.
• Customs :The authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports.
• Customs Broker :An authorized agent specialized in customs clearance procedures on account of importers/exporters.
• Customs Clearance :The act of obtaining permission to import merchandise from another country into the importing nation.
• Customs Invoice :A document that contains a declaration by the seller, the shipper, or the agent as to the value of the shipment.
• Customs Value :The value of the imported goods on which duties will be assessed.

D

• Daily cost :Remaining cost after deduction of capital costs and travel expenses. Time costs refer, inter alia, technical operations, staffing, administrative expenses and the insurance costs can be attributed to the ship.
• Dangerous Goods :Goods are to be considered dangerous if the transport of such goods might cause harm, risk, peril, or other evil to people, environment, equipment or any property whatsoever.
• Dangerous Goods Declaration :Document issued by a consignor in accordance with applicable conventions or regulations, describing hazardous goods or materials for transport purposes, and stating that the latter have been packed and labelled in accordance with the provisions of the relevant conventions or regulations.
• Dead Freight :Compensation to the carrier for the difference between contracted and actual freight volume.
• Deadweight :Abbreviation: DWT. The total weight of cargo, cargo equipment, bunkers, provisions, water, stores and spare parts which a vessel can lift when loaded to her maximum draught as applicable under the circumstances. The deadweight is expressed in tons.
• Declared Value for Carriage :The value of the goods, declared by the shipper on a bill of lading, for the purpose of determining a freight rate or the limit of the carrier's liability.
• Deconsolidator :An enterprise that provides services to un-group shipments, orders, goods, etc., to facilitate distribution.
• Deferred Rebate :The return of a portion of the freight charges by a carrier or a conference shipper in exchange for the shipper giving all or most of his shipments to the carrier or conference over a specified period of time (usually six months). Payment of the rate is deferred for a further similar period, during which the shipper must continue to give all or most of his shipments to the rebating carrier or conference. The shipper thus earns a further rebate that will not, however, be paid without an additional period of exclusive or almost exclusive patronage with the carrier of conference. In this way, the shipper becomes tied to the rebating carrier or conference. Although the deferred rebate system is illegal in U.S. foreign commerce, it generally is accepted in the ocean trade between other countries.
• Delivered at Frontier :The seller is responsible for transport of goods to the ?customs border? of the country mentioned in the purchase agreement.
• Delivered Duty Paid :The seller is responsible for transportation to the buyer?s factory or establishment.
• Delivery Instructions :A document issued to a carrier to pick up goods at a location and deliver them to another location.
• Delivery Order :A document issued by or on behalf of the carrier authorizing the release of import cargo identified thereon and manifested under a single Bill of Lading.
• Demurrage :Demurrage refers to the penalty imposed by Port authority on the receivers of cargo for not clearing cargo from the port premises within the stipulated time.
• Density :A physical characteristic measuring a commodity's mass per unit volume or pounds per cubic foot; an important factor in ratemaking, since density affects the utilization of a carrier's vehicle.
• Density rate :A rate based upon the density and shipment weight.
• Depreciation :The accounting deductions, which are made in a company?s financial statements to compensate for wear and aging on the company?s ships, houses, tools, machinery, etc.
• Detention :The penalty for exceeding free time allowed for loading/unloading under the terms of the agreement with the carrier. Detention is the term used in the motor industry; demurrage is used in the rail and ocean industry.
• Devanning :The unloading of cargo from a container or other piece of equipment.
• Direct Delivery :Direct discharge from vessel onto railroad car, road vehicle or barge with the purpose of immediate transport from the port area
• Dispatch :The remedy, which the Company pays to the charterer, shipper or recipient per day or pro rata for the time saved in loading and / or remove the port compared with what is stipulated in shipping contracts.
• Displacement :There are two different displacement: easy and complete. Light displacement (light displacement tonnage, LDT) or just displacement is the ship?s own weight in metric tonnes, that is the bay of all the steel in ship construction. Is most interesting when a ship is going to sell as scrap. The full displacement (displacement tonnage) in metric tons is the ship?s weight plus the weight of supplies on board, cargo and the weight of the crew and any suit Gere. The full deplacemetet refers to the fact the water squeezed out of the ship. Often used to describe the size of warships.
• Dock Labour Board :A Statutory authority under the Dock Labour Board Act, whose mandate is to take care of the interests of dock labour and allocates them work as required by port authority.
• Documents Against Acceptance :D/A. Instructions given by a shipper to a bank indicating that documents transferring title to goods should be delivered to the buyer only upon the buyer's acceptance of the attached draft.
• Documents Against Payment :D/P. An indication on a draft that the documents attached are to be released to the drawee only on payment.
• Drayage :Road transportation between the nearest railway terminal and the stuffing place
• Dry Docking :Dry docking of ship refer to docking of a ship for repairs and other related maintenance work at a facility specially created for the purpose.

E

• ECDIS, Electronic Chart Display System :Electronic Chart Display System. Systems of vector digital charts.
• Embargo :A government order prohibiting the entry or departure of commercial vessels or goods at its ports.
• Empties :Empties refer to containers that are without cargo but need to be moved to locations where they are to be stuffed with cargo.
• Entry Form :The document that must be filed with Customs to obtain the release of imported goods and to allow collection of duties and statistics. Also called a Customs Entry Form or Entry.
• Equipment :The rolling stock carriers use to facilitate the transportation services that they provide, including containers, trucks, chassis, vessels, and airplanes, among others.
• Estuary Ports :Estuary ports are those ports that are located alone the inland estuaries that are formed inside the coastal line and which connect many interior places with the sea.
• European Council :EU?s supreme body.
• Evergreen-based :An agreement referred to renewed after a fixed period and rent is recalculated.
• Ex Quay :The seller bears the costs and risks to the quayside in the port of destination.
• Ex Ship :The seller bears the costs and risks until the ship enters the port of destination.
• Ex Works :Goods are collected from the seller. The buyer pays all costs and risks for the shipment.
• Exception Rate :A deviation from the class rate; changes (exceptions) made to the classification.
• Exclusive Patronage Agreements :A shipper agrees to use only a conference's member liner firms in return for a 10 to 15 percent rate reduction.
• Expediting :Determining where an in-transit shipment is and attempting to speed up its delivery.
• Export Broker :An enterprise that brings together buyer and seller for a fee, then eventually withdraws from the transaction.
• Export License :A document secured from a government authorizing an exporter to export a specific quantity of a controlled commodity to a certain country. An export license is often required if a government has placed embargoes or other restrictions upon exports.
• Export Sales Contract :The initial document in any international transaction; it details the specifics of the sales agreement between the buyer and seller.
• Express Bill of Lading :Express Bill of Lading is a document required for the fast delivery of consignment. The original bill of Lading is not required in this case, which is surrendered at the load port.

F

• Fair Return :A profit level that enables a carrier to realize a rate of return on investment or property value that the regulatory agencies deem acceptable for that level of risk.
• Fair Value :The value of the carrier's property; the calculation basis has included original cost minus depreciation, replacement cost, and market value.
• Fair Weather Ports :Fair weather ports are those ports that are not operational throughout the year and are generally closed during the monsoon months, when seas are very rough.
• Fast Ship :High-speed, semi-planing enskrovsfartyg.
• Fat :Unit of trading in oil. A barrel is equivalent to about 159 liters and it is about 7.1 barrels in a ton of oil.
• Feeder :A grain container or reservoir constructed around the hatchway between two decks of a ship which when filled with grain automatically feeds or fills in the vacant areas in the lower holds.
• Feeder Service :Cargo to/from regional ports are transferred to/from a central hub port for a long-haul ocean voyage.
• Feeder Vessel :A short-sea vessel which transfers cargo between a central hub port and smaller "spoke" ports.
• Field Warehouse :A warehouse that stores goods on the goods' owner's property while the goods are under a bona fide public warehouse manager's custody. The owner uses the public warehouse receipts as collateral for a loan.
• Fill Rate :The percentage of order items that the picking operation actually found.
• Finger Jetties :Finger jetties are artificially created narrow width RCC-based structures that protrude into the sea to take advantage of deeper draft availability away from the shoreline for berthing ships and other vessels.
• Fixed Costs :Costs that do not fluctuate with the business volume in the short run.
• Fixed Quantity Inventory Model :A setup wherein a company orders the same(fixed) quantity each time it places an order for an item.
• Flag Discrimination :National law, which reserves the right to water transportation for all or part of its own merchant fleet.
• Flags of convenience (Flag of Convenience) :Country under the ITF (International Transport Workers Federation) authorize the registration of foreign vessels without limit and failing to exercise security and social control over the nation?s commercial fleet.
• Flat Rack Container (Flat) :A container with two end walls and open sides.
• Flexible-Path Equipment :Materials handling devices that include hand trucks and forklifts.
• Flow Rack :A storage method where product is presented to picking operations at one end of a rack and replenished from the opposite end.
• For-Hire Carrier :A carrier that provides transportation service to the public on a fee basis.
• Forklift Truck :A machine-powered device used to raise and lower freight and to move freight to different warehouse locations.
• Forty Foot Equivalent Unit :Abbreviation: FEU Unit of measurement equivalent to one forty foot shipping container.
• Forwarder (Freight Forwarder) :The party arranging the carriage of goods including connected services and/or associated formalities on behalf of a shipper or consignee.
• Free Alongside Ship :The seller provides the goods in shipping port, the ship?s side or in the grandstand. The buyer pays all costs when the goods are delivered.
• Free Carrier (named point) :An alternative to Fob. Seller leaving the goods to the carrier at the contractual destination. The risk is transferred from seller to buyer at the above location.
• Free In and Out :Abbreviation: FIO. Transport condition denoting that the freight rate excludes the costs of loading and discharging.
• Free In Liner Out :Abbreviation: FILO. Transport condition denoting that the freight rate is inclusive of the sea carriage and the cost of discharging, the latter as per the custom of the port. It excludes the cost of loading.
• Free Port :An international port or an area within an international port at which, crew, passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and stores may be disembarked or unloaded, may remain and may be transshipped, without being subjected to any customs charges or duties.
• Free Time :The period of time allowed for the removal or accumulation of cargo before charges become applicable.
• Free Trade Zone :A part of the territory of a state where any goods introduced are generally regarded, in so far as import duties and taxes are concerned, as being exempted Kyoto Convention.
• Freight :Goods being transported from one place to another.
• Freight All Kinds :Abbreviation: FAK. Single freight which is charged irrespective if the commodity.
• Freight Bill :The carriers invoice for payment of transport services rendered.
• Freight Charge :The rate established for transporting freight.
• Freight Collect :The freight and charges to be paid by the consignee.
• Freight Forwarder :An enterprise that provides services to facilitate the transport of shipments. Services can include documentation preparation, space and equipment reservation, warehousing, consolidation, delivery, clearance, banking and insurance services, and agency services. The forwarder may facilitate transport by land, air, ocean, or may specialize in one mode of transport. Also called Forwarder or Foreign Freight Forwarder.
• Freight Manifest :Document which lists all amounts of money due for the carriage of the goods on a vessel.
• Freight or Carriage Paid to :The seller pays cost and freight for the goods but the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are supplied to the first carrier.
• Freight or Carriage Paid to Including insurance quotes :?Freight or Carriage Paid to ?but the seller also pays the insurance.
• Freight Prepaid :The freight and charges to be paid by the consignor.
• Freight Quotation :A quotation from a carrier or forwarder covering the cost of transport between two specified locations.
• Freight tariffs :List of freight a shipping line charges for different kinds of goods at different distances.
• Fully Cellular Containership :Abbreviation FCC. A vessel specifically designed to carry containers, with cell-guides under deck and necessary fittings and equipment on deck.
• Fusion :Merger of two or more lines.

G

• Gang :A group of stevedores, usually four to five members, with a supervisor assigned to a hold or portion of the vessel being loaded or unloaded.
• Gangway :A narrow portable platform used as a passage, by persons entering or leaving a vessel moored alongside a pier or quay.
• Gangway charges :Gangway charges refer to the charges levied by the port authority for use of roads and passages in the port area for carrying cargo from the berth-side to the storage area.
• Gantry :Bock Crane horizontal cantilevers in which there is an executable lifting arrangements. The crane is working on two levels and is particularly suited where more precision is required.
• General cargo :Goods are shipped in small lots such as boxes, cartons, bags, bales, etc. directly into the vessel or loaded together in containers or on other carriers.
• General-Commodities Carrier :A common motor carrier that has operating authority to transport general commodities, or all commodities not listed as special commodities.
• General-Merchandise Warehouse :A warehouse used to store goods that are readily handled, are packaged, and do not require a controlled environment.
• GMDSS, Global Maritime Distress and Safety System :International system for emargency communication through satellite and country lane.
• Golden Quadrilateral :Golden Quadrilateral refers to national highway project that seeks to directly link up all the four major metro cities in the country and create a North South and East West corridor.
• Goods :A term associated with more than one definition: 1) Common term indicating movable property, merchandise, or wares. 2) All materials which are used to satisfy demands. 3) Whole or part of the cargo received from the shipper, including any equipment supplied by the shipper.
• Gross Registered Tons :A common measurement of the internal volume of a ship with certain spaces excluded. One ton equals 100 cubic feet; the total of all the enclosed spaces within a ship expressed in tons each of which is equivalent to 100 cubic feet.
• Gross Weight :Weight (mass) of goods including packing, and including the carrier?s equipment expressed in whole kilograms on tons.

H

• Hague Rules :Rules governing the carriage of goods by sea and identifying the rights and responsibilities of carriers and owners of cargo. These rules were published in 1924 following an international convention and were subsequently given the force of law by many maritime nations.
• Handysize :Bulk of 20000-50000 tonnes deadweight.
• Haulage :The inland carriage of cargo or containers between named locations/points.
• Hazardous Goods :Articles or substances capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, or property, and that ordinarily require special attention when transported. Also called Dangerous Goods.
• High Cube (Hi Cube, HQ) :Any container exceeding 102 inches in height.
• House Bill of Lading :The House Bill of Lading is issued by the freight forwarder to the shipper, giving details of the consignment to be carried to the destination country. The House Bill of Lading Generally issued by Non Vessel Operating Container Carriers (VVOCCs)
• Hovercraft :Ships, which goes up just above the water resting on a cushion of air, generated by powerful fans.
• HSC (High Speed Craft) :A definition of high speed craft adopted by the IMO, with speed and size variables.
• Hydrofoil :Boat with hydrofoils, which means that almost all of the hull rises out of the water at speed.

I

• Igloos :Pallets and containers used in air transportation; the igloo shape fits the internal wall contours of a narrow-body airplane.
• In Gate :The transaction or interchange that occurs at the time a container is received by a rail terminal or water port from another carrier.
• Incoterms :Set of international rules compiled by the International Chamber of Commerce for interpretation of predominant terms used in foreign trade contracts. See?Incoterms 2000.
• Inland Bill of Lading :The carriage contract used in transport from a shipping point overland to the exporter's international carrier location.
• Inland Carrier :An enterprise that offers overland service to or from a point of export.
• Inland Waterway Authority of India (IWAI) :Inland Waterway Authority of India (IWAI) is a nodal statutory authority created under the IWAI Act for purposes of development of inland waterway transport system in the country.
• Inner Harbour :Inner harbour refers to a natural harbour area that gets created close to the shore line by incursion of the seas into the land mass.
• Innocent-owner insurance :Insurance that protects the owner against defaults by bareboatbefraktarens page on insurance matters.
• Inspection Certificate :A document certifying that merchandise (such as perishable goods) was in good condition immediately prior to shipment.
• Insurance :A system of protection against loss under which a number of parties agree to pay certain sums (premiums) for a guarantee that they will be compensated under certain conditions for specified loss and damage.
• Insurance Certificate :A document issued to the consignee to certify that insurance is provided to cover loss of or damage to the cargo while in transit.
• Intergovernmentalism :Cooperation of States in which the individual nations retain their national characteristics.
• Intermediate Ports :Intermediate ports refer to those smaller ports that are located between two major ports and which can partly offtake some of the cargo traffic from the major ports, especially with respect to captive cargo that are destined for major industry and manufacturing plants close to them.
• Intermodal :Coordination of movements of such containers for a variety of means of transport by ship, car, rail, etc.
• Intermodal transportation :The use of two or more transportation modes to transport freight; for example, rail to ship to truck.
• International Hub Port :International hub port refer to a port that acts as a cargo consolidation point for overseas-bound cargo from a number of surrounding port locations. Bulk of the cargo handled through a international hub port are actually transshipped from other ports.
• Inter-port Competition :Inter-port competition refers to market competition for the same cargo between two or more ports.
• Intra-port Competition :Intra-port competition refers to competition for cargo between various cargo terminal operators at a single port location.
• Invoice :A detailed statement showing goods sold or shipped and amounts for each. The invoice is prepared by the seller and acts as the document that the buyer will use to make payment.
• ISPS Code :The International Ship and Port Facility Code adopted by an IMO Diplomatic Conference in December 2002. Measure is designed to strengthen maritime security. (ISPS Code - Chapter XI-2 of SOLAS).
• Issuing Carrier :The carrier whose name is printed on the bill of lading and with whom the contract of carriage exists.

J

• Jettison :The act of intentionally throwing cargo overboard, e.g. with the objective of lightening a vessel, which has run aground, such for the common good of all interests: vessel, crew and remaining cargo
• Joint owner :Co-owner of a vessel, owned in a company form similar to the limited partnership. Joint owner can be an individual or a corporation. In the maritime case that the listed companies are joint owner. One of the party shipowners appointed as principal owner.
• Joint Rate :A rate applicable from a point on one transportation line to a point on another line, made by agreement and published in a single tariff by all transportation lines over which the rate applies.
• Joint Service :Joint service usually with common timetables. Each did its share of traffic but a lot of cooperation with the others in the group detail lines.

K

• Kasko :Reda?s primary insurance policy covering the ship.
• KIOCL :Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited is one of the largest mining and iron ore exporting companies in Karnataka.
• Km :A performance measure that involves the transport of one tonne of a kilometer.
• Knots :Measure of the speed of the vessel. One knot = one nautical mile per hour, ie: 1.85 km / hr.
• Known Loss :A loss discovered before or at the time of delivery of a shipment.

L

• Lash :Short for Lighter Aboard Ship. A system where a large mother ships carrying barges, which can be loaded, transported and launched from mother ships.
• Lash Bill of Lading :Under this type of Bill of Lading, the state that the goods have been received and placed on board a barge, to be carried and ultimately placed on the mother vessel/"Lash" stands Lighter Abroad ships. Thus, it is the same as a Received for Shipment Bill of Lading until it bears a clause stating that the barge is out on board the parent vessel
• LCL :Less than Container Load refers to partial stuffing of the containers, which are moved between ports due to non-availability of full container cargo loads.
• Letter of Credit :Abbreviation: L/C.A written undertaking by a bank (issuing bank) given to the seller (beneficiary) at the request, and on the instructions of the buyer (applicant) to pay at sight or at a determinable future date up to a stated sum of money, within a prescribed time limit and against stipulated documents.
• Letter of Indemnity :Document in which one party undertakes to compensate and protect another from liability for the performance and for the costs and consequences of carrying out a certain act. The issue of a letter of indemnity is sometimes used in order to allow consignee to take delivery of goods without surrendering Original Bill of Lading which has been delayed or become lost.
• Lien :A legal claim upon real or personal property to pay a debt or duty.
• Lift on lift off (lolo) :Loading with the help of cranes and other lifting equipment. Containers are placed in such vessels for tires in a vertical gejdersystem (rails that hold the boxes in place).
• Lighterage :Lighterage refer to movement of cargo by small ships and barges in small parcel sizes often resorted to at ports that cannot otherwise support entry of large cargo ships, due to lack of adequate draft and other facilities.
• Liner Bill of Lading :This is issued by the shipping companies sho are members of conference lines having a scheduled and strictly-timed run, while the tramp steamer is a chartered ship prepared to carry anything anywhere without a regular trip. A tramp steamer may deviate from the route and make unscheduled calls at varies ports.
• Liner In Free Out :Abbreviation: LIFO. Transport condition denoting that the freight rate is inclusive of the sea carriage and the cost of loading, the latter as per the custom of the port. It excludes the cost of discharging.
• Liner terms :The conditions under which the liner is carrying goods with the shipping company is responsible for all loading and unloading costs, ship hamnumg?lder etc..
• Lying Days :The time charterer under the Contract are entitled to use the boat for loading and unloading.

M

• Maastricht Treaty :Treaty establishing an economic and political union, European Union, the European countries which entered into force on 1 / 11 1993rd
• Maintenance Dredging :Maintenance dredging refers to the dredging work undertaken by a port at a regular intervals to maintain the draft of the approach channel and draft along-side berths, especially in case of riverine and estuary ports.
• Major ports :Major ports in India are those ports that are notified as ?major ports? under the Major Port Trusts Act 1963.
• Manifest :A list of all cargoes that pertain to a specific shipment, grouping of shipments, or piece of equipment. Ocean carriers will prepare a manifest will prepare a manifest per container, etc.
• Manifesto :A document containing a complete list of the cargo of a ship.
• Marine Insurance :Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, etc., but excludes losses that can be recovered from the carrier.
• Marine Related Charges :Marine related charges refer to charges such as berth hiring charges, wharfage light dues etc. for use of marine infrastructure maintained by a port authority.
• Master bill of Lading :The Master Bill of Lading is issued by the original Carrier/Steamer agent or shipping line to freight forwarder, who generally consolidates, giving details of the cargo to be carried by the liner.
• Mate?s Receipt :A document signed by the chief officer of a vessel acknowledging the receipt of a certain consignment on board of that vessel. On this document, remarks can be made as to the order and condition of the consignment.
• Measurement ton :Forty cubic feet; used in water transportation ratemaking.
• Mechanical Dry Bulk Cargo :Mechanical dry bulk cargo refer to those dry bulk cargo items like coal, iron ore, clinker etc. which are loaded and unloaded from ships at ports using mechanised cargo handling facilities like conveyors and other technology-aided means.
• Merchant Haulage :Inland transport of cargo in shipping containers arranged by the Merchant. It includes empty container-moves to and from hand-over points in respect of containers released by the Carrier to Merchants.
• Minor Ports :Minor ports in India are those dry outside the preview of the Major Port Trusts Act and which are administered by state governments or the State Maritime Boards (SMBs) constituted for the purpose.
• Modal split :The relative use that companies make of transportation modes; the statistics include ton-miles, passenger-miles, and revenue.
• Mother Vessels :Mother vessels are large cargo ships that operate on major trade routes carrying cargo that are consolidated for them by smaller feeder ships from a number of smaller ports.
• Multi Purpose-Berths :Multi-purpose berths refer to berths, which can handle more than one type of cargo.

N

• Natural Harbour :A natural harbor is a landform where a part of a body of water is protected and deep enough to furnish anchorage. Many such harbors are rias.
• Nautical miles (nautical mil) :1852 meters.
• Net Weight :The weight of the goods, including all packing but excluding the carrier?s equipment.
• Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier :Abbreviation: NVOCC. A party who undertakes to carry goods and issues his own name Bill of Lading for such carriage, without having the availability of any own means of transport.
• Non-Working Time :Non-working time at a port measured in terms of time duration when a berth remains vacant and unused.
• Notify Party :The party to be notified of arrival of goods

O

• OBO-ship (Oil, Bulk, Ore) :See the combination carriers.
• Ocean Waybill :A document, issued by a shipping line to a shipper which serves as a receipt for the goods and evidence of the contract carriage.
• Off Hire :Time to time chartered vessels are decommissioned unable for reasons that the vessel is temporarily not in prime condition. During the Off Hire, no time hiring (shipping fee). Reason for Off Hire For example, be classification, hull painting, repairs, etc.
• Off-hire Clause :In a time charter, the owner is entitled to a limited time for his vessel to be off hire until such time as the vessel may be repaired or dry-docked.
• Off-load :Discharge of cargo from a ship.
• On carriage :The carriage of containers by any mode of transport to the place of delivery after the discharge from the ocean vessel at the port of discharge.
• On-Board Bill of Lading :This Bill of Lading evidences goods having been loaded on board the specified vessel. Such a Bill fo Lading will have a notation "Shipped on Board" or words to that effect.In these cases the date of issuance of Bill of Lading will bw deemed to be the date of shipment
• One-way :Occasional travel as a tramp ship carries the load.
• Open Rates :Pricing systems that are flexible and not subject to conference approval. Usually applied to products in which tramps are substituted for liners.
• Open Registry :A term used in place of "flag of convenience" or "flag of necessity" to denote registry in a country which offers favorable tax, regulatory, and other incentives to ship owners from other nations.
• Open Top Container :A container fitted with a solid removable roof, or with a tarpaulin roof so the container can be loaded or unloaded from the top.
• Open Top Container :A freight container similar in all respect to a general purpose container except that it has no rigid roof but may have a flexible and movable or removable cover, for example one made of canvas or plastic or reinforced plastic material normally supported on movable or removable roof bows.
• Open vessels :A vessel in which the door openings to the holds stretching practically from ship side to side of the ship with no horizontal movement of the load down in the holds do not require to be done.
• Operating expenses :All costs that are attributable directly to the ship, such as costs for crew, technical operation, insurance, maintenance and repair.
• Operator :It currently uses the ship (which need not be the owner because he can rent out their ships).
• Out of Gauge Cargo :Cargo which dimensions are exceeding the normal dimensions of a 20 or 40 feet container, e.g. overlength, overwidth, overweight, or combinations thereof.
• Output per ship berthday :A performance indicator of berth productivity measured in terms of tonnage of cargo handled per ship per single berthday.
• Outsider :Company that operates outside of and in competition with the conferences by the bid conference rates.
• Over-dimensional Cargo :Over-dimensional Cargo refers to non-standard or large-sized and odd shaped cargo that need to be handled exclusively for their safe transportation.
• Overtonnaging :A situation where there are too many ships generally or in a particular trade for the level of available cargoes.

P

• Packing List :A document containing information about the location of each Product ID in each package. It allows the recipient to quickly find the item he or she is looking for without a broad search of all packages. It also confirms the actual shipment of goods on a line item basis.
• Pallet :A flat tray, generally made of wood but occasionally of steel, on which goods particularly those in boxes, cartons or bags, can be stacked. Its purpose is to facilitate the movement of such goods, mainly by the use of forklift trucks.
• Pallet wrapping machine :A machine that wraps a pallet's contents in stretch-wrap to ensure safe shipment.
• Panamax :Vessels that meet at least one of the following criteria, width 106 ft (30.5 m), length 965 feet (294.1 meters) deep or 39.5 feet (12.04 meters).Panamax is also a term for the bulk of 50000-80000 tons dw. Approximately 80,000 tons dw is the maximum size for a fully loaded vessel to cross the Panama Canal, hence the name ?panmax?.
• Panamax Size :The maximum measurements and dimensions of a vessel capable to pass the Panama Canal (33 meters).
• Parcel-size :Parcel-size refers to the tonnage per shipment handled by a cargo-carrying ship, with reference to a commodity per single voyage between port of origin and port of destination.
• Partial Containerships :Multipurpose containerships where one or more but not all compartments are fitted with permanent container cells. Remaining compartments are used for other types of cargo.
• Passenger Jetty :Passenger jetty refers to an artificially created RCC structure used for handling passenger vessels and for disembarking of passengers.
• Pax :Abbreviation of words maximum number of passengers.
• Per-berthing Time :A measure of time starting from the point of anchoring of a ship in the high seas to its final berthing in a support.
• Pilotage :Pilotage refers to a navigational support extended to ships for entering and exiting the ports from the point of anchorage to the their allocated berths. It involves provision for supply pilotage vessels and pilots, who safely navigate the ships in the port area.
• Pilotage Fees :Pilotage fees refers to the charges levied by the port authorities towards providing the pilotage assistance to the ships point to the berth in the port area, by providing pilot vessels. Under Indian Port laws, provision for pilotage services by the port trust organizations are compulsory.
• Place of Delivery :The location where a consignment (shipment) is delivered to the consignee viz. the place where the carrier?s liability ends for the transport venture.
• Place of Receipt :The location where a consignment (shipment) is received by the carrier from the shipper viz. the place where the carrier?s liability the transport venture commences.
• Pool :The shared use of an equipment by a number of companies, which make together the investments in the equipment mentioned.
• Pool :Cooperation under contractual arrangements between a number of shipping companies.
• Pooling :Distribution of cargo or freight of a certain formula. Within the conference there are pools that are intended to prevent unnecessary competition. Within joint service groups like are often pools to the participating companies must obtain a fairer distribution of the joint effort.
• Port Authority :Port authority refers to the designated statutory/legal agency, empowered by the government, which is responsible for administering all developmental and operational activities in a port.
• Port Developer :Port developer is an agency that takes up the development of various port-related assets and facilities.
• Port of Call :Place where a vessel actually drops anchor or moors during a certain voyage.
• Port of Discharge :The port where the cargo is actually unloaded from the vessel.
• Port of Loading :he port where the cargo is actually loaded on the vessel.
• Port Operator :Port Operator is one who operates various port-related services.
• Port State Control :The inspection of foreign ships in national ports for the purpose of verifying that the condition of a ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of international conventions and that the vessel is manned and operated in compliance with applicable international law.
• Postpanamax :Designation of a new generation of container ships, and now even cruise ships, whose dimensions are too large to pass through the Panama Canal.
• Pre-carriage :The carriage of containers by any mode of transport from the place of receipt to the port of loading on the ocean vessel.
• Pre-cooling :Cooling of the cargo bay to the given temperature for a certain period before loading.
• Prepaid Freight :Freight paid by the shipper to the carrier when merchandise is tendered for shipment that is not refundable if the merchandise does not arrive at the intended destination.
• Pre-trip Inspection :Abbreviation: PTI0A technical inspection of Reefer containers prior to positioning for stuffing.
• Principal :Person for whom another person acts as agent.
• Pro Forma Invoice :An invoice, forwarded by the seller of goods prior to shipment, that advises the buyer of the particulars and value of the goods. Usually required by the buyer in order to obtain an import permit or letter of credit.
• Product tanker :Ships carrying refined products.
• Pro-forma :A type of quotation or offer that may be used when first negotiating the sales of goods or services. If the pro-forma is accepted, then the terms and conditions of the pro-forma may become the request.
• Project Cargo :Quantity of goods connected to the same project and often carried on different moments and from various places
• Protection and Indemnity P & I or Pandi :Insurance for shipping liability to third parties.
• Protectionism :State protection during which their merchant relieved of some element of competition.
• Pulp-temperature :The temperature is measured inside a particular product such as a bovine body or a fruit.
• Purchase Order :A document created by a buyer to officially request a product or service from a seller. It contains, among other things, the name and address of the buyer, the ship-to address, the quantity, product code (and expected price), requested ship or receipt date, sales and shipping terms, and other appropriate information.

R

• Rail Waybill :The bill of lading issued by rail carriers to their customers.
• Ramp :An artificial inclined path, road or track along which wheeled vehicles, cargo and trailers may pass for the purpose of changing their elevation and facilitating the loading and unloading operation
• Rate basis point :The major shipping point in a local area; carriers consider all points in the local area to be the rate basis point.
• Reconsignment :A carrier service that permits a shipper to change the destination and/or consignee after the shipment has reached its originally billed destination and to still pay the through rate from origin to final destination.
• Redd :In particular designated area where vessels may anchor in connection to a port, river, canal or similar.
• Reefer :A container with a self-contained refrigeration unit, used for the transportation of perishable cargo.
• Reefer Cargo :Cargo requiring temperature control.
• Reefer Container :A thermal container with refrigerating appliances (mechanical compressor unit, absorption unit etc.) to control the temperature of cargo.
• Release Approval :Document to advise that goods are available for further movement or action.
• Return Cargo :A cargo which enables a ship to return loaded to the port or area where her previous cargo was loaded.
• Revenue Ton :A ton on which the shipment is freighted.
• RITES :Rail India Technical Services is a project consultancy and execution organization that mainly take up projects in the railway and other transport infrastructure areas.
• Riverine Port :Riverine port is one that is located along the river, close to a port of its confluence with water.
• Roll on Roll off (RoRo) :Loading and unloading cargo service operated by the board through one or more ramps in the ship ?ndskepp or pages. The various ship the tires were linked by ramps.
• Rolling Cargo :Cargo which is on wheels, such as truck or trailers, and which can be driven or towed on to a ship.
• Roll-on Roll-off :Abbreviation: RoRo. System of loading and discharging a vessel whereby the cargo is driven on and off by means of a ramp.
• Ro-Ro Ship :Freight ship or ferry with facilities for vehicles to drive on and off (roll-on roll-off); a system of loading and discharging a ship whereby the cargo is driven on and off on ramps. Equipped with large openings at bow and stern and sometimes also in the side, the ship permits rapid loading and discharge with hydraulically operated ramps providing easy access. Fully loaded trucks or trailers carrying containers are accommodated on the deck.
• Routing :The determination of the most efficient route(s) that people, goods, materials and or means of transport have to follow.

S

• Safety stock :The inventory a company holds beyond normal needs as a buffer against delays in receipt of orders or changes in customer buying patterns.
• Salvage :The saving or rescue of a vessel and/or the cargo from loss and/or damage at sea.
• Salvage material :Unused material that has a market value and can be sold.
• SAR, Search and Rescue :Organization and Operation in search and rescue.
• Satlite Port :Satellite port refers to the development of a location that is in close proximity to an existing nearby major port.
• SBMs :Single Bouy Mooring (SBM) is a floating structure that is erected in the high seas. It features a rotatable platform with inlet/outlet for receiving of crude oil cargo and other liquid cargos, from large tanker vessels, which in turn are connected by pipelines though the fixed part of the floating berth structure to the nearby land storage point. Bulk of the crude oil handling on West Coast of India is currently done though such SBM facilities off the ports of Kandla and Sikka, respectively managed by Reliance and Indian Oil Corporations (IOC)
• Scrap material :Unusable material that has no market value.
• Sea Waybill :Transport document which is not a document of title/negotiable document. The sea waybill indicates the "on board" loading of the goods and can be used in cases where no ocean bill of lading, i.e. no document of title is required. For receipt of the goods, presentation of the sea waybill by the consignee named therein is not required, which can speed up processing at the port of destination.
• Secondary Hand :Buying and selling market for used vessels.
• Separable cost :A cost that a company can directly assign to a particular segment of the business.
• Service :The defined, regular pattern of calls made by a carrier in the pick up and discharge of cargo.
• Service Bill :A service Bill (of Lading) is a document issued by one carrier to another for documentary and internal control purposes No freight details will be mentioned and the service Bill of Lading is not a contract of carriage.
• Service Contract :A contract between a shipper and an ocean carrier or conference, in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a minimum quantity of cargo over a fixed time period. The ocean carrier or conference also commits to a rate or rate schedule as well as a defined service level, such as space, transit item, port rotation, or other features.
• Sethusamudran Canal :Sethusamudran Canal refers to the proposed canal connecting Gulf of Mannar with Palk Bay, which will enable ships from Western India Ports to directly call on the Tuticorin Port, without having to circumnavigate Sri Lanka, as is the current requirement. The available depth in this region is very shallow and is merely about 11 feet.
• Shelterdeck :Deck, perched above the ship?s main deck and not included in the gross registered tonnage. Shelterdeck was originally intended as a protection against wind and sea and was not as strong as the hull in general. Over time, this definition of clever designers watered down. A vessel with a closed shelter deck is built so that by some luck or events can use upper or lower deck of the main deck. Load line mark the location is calculated from the main deck.
• Ship agent :A liner company or tramp ship operator representative who facilitates ship arrival, clearance, loading and unloading, and fee payment while at a specific port.
• Ship broker :A firm that serves as a go-between for the tramp ship owner and the chartering consignor or consignee.
• Ship operator :A ship operator is the (legal) person making decision about the daily operation and employment of the ship and crew.
• Ship owner :The legal person officially registered as such in the certificate of registry of the vessel.
• Shipbrokers :Independent agents who provide goods and / or space ships and the purchase and sale of vessels.
• Shipment :A shipment is a user-defined unit containing goods (single or multiple units) and requires transportation from one location to another. A shipment becomes a shipment when it leaves the consignor's location. A shipment is complete when it arrives at the consignee's destination.
• Shipment Point :A specific location from where goods will depart for movement.
• Shipper :The merchant (person) by whom, in whose name or on whose behalf a contract of carriage of goods has been concluded with a carrier or any party by whom, in whose name or on whose behalf the goods are actually delivered to the carrier in relation to the contract of carriage.
• Shippers :Are either a cargo owner or the charterer. Shippers are also professional designation of the shipping company official at the brokerage, which deals with doing business on the freight market.
• Shipper's agent :A firm that primarily matches up small shipments, especially single-traffic piggyback loads, to permit shippers to use twin-trailer piggyback rates.
• Shipping Rate :The agreed upon freight on a per tonne of cargo per cubic meter or tonne dw and months.
• Short Form Bill of Lading :A Bill of Lading evidences as underlying contract of carriage and hence should have the terms and conditions of carriage printed on it. In case of a Short Form Bill of Lading, the contract of carriage may not be stated in full and merely states the name of the shipper, name of ship, date of shipment etc. For full details, another document may be cited for being referred to. The total number of packages and description are also to be stated in the document.
• Sidport :Port-like gap in the vessel through which the loading and unloading can be done either through the embarkation or from a truck to a board truck.
• Single buoy mooring :Buoy where tankers can be on the sway and load or unload their cargo through the pipeline, which is connected to the buoy.
• Single Decker :Single deck vessel.
• Single European Act :Treaty of 1986 which include changing decision forms so that decisions regarding the EU?s internal market would be taken by qualified majority instead of unanimously.
• Sling :Special chain, wire rope, synthetic fibre strap or ropes used for cargo handling purposes.
• Slot :The space on board a vessel, required by one TEU.
• SOLAS Convention :International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. IMO regulations concerning particular ship safe construction and equipment.
• Special Customs Invoice :In addition to a commercial invoice, some countries require a special customs invoice designed to facilitate the clearance of goods and the assessment of customs duties in that country.
• Special Economic Zones :Special Economic Zones (SEZ) is a specially demarcated area where the industries are exclusively set up for purposes of export and are exempted from the ambit of customs and taxation Laws.
• Spot market :Shipping Market where ships reached first for single trips.
• Spot Voyage :A charter for a particular vessel to move a single cargo between specified loading port(s) and discharge port(s) in the immediate future. Contract rate ("spot" rate) covers total operating expenses, i.e., bunkers, port charges, canal tolls, crew's wages and food, insurance and repairs. Cargo owner absorbs, in addition, any expenses specifically levied against the cargo.
• Spreader :The spreader used for containers has a locking mechanism at each corner that attaches the four corners of the container. A spreader can be used on a container crane, a straddle carrier and with any other machinery to lift containers.
• SSS, Short Sea Shipping :Maritime Trade between the EU countries.
• Stack :An identifiable amount of containers stowed in a orderly way in one specified place on an (ocean) terminal, container freight station, container yard or depot.
• Stackweight :The total weight of the containers in a certain row.
• Staff Intensive :Ships with a relatively high staff costs.
• Stale Bill of Lading :Every credit which calls for a transport document(s) should also stipulate a specified period of time after the date of shipment, during which presentation must be made in compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit. if no such period of time is stipulated, banks will not accept documents presented to them later than 21 days after the date of shipment. In anyevent, documents must be presented not later than the expiry date of the credit.
• State Maritime Boards :State Maritime Boards (SMBs) are nodal regulatory and developmental agencies set up under the authority of the state government for development of various minor and intermediate ports, including captive ports forming part of the State?s coastline.
• STCW Convention :International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch Keeping for Seafarers. IMO?s regulatory framework for the training and qualifications of seafarers and the rules for keeping a ship.
• Stevedore :A person or company working on the Terminal, loading, stowing, discharging vessels, etc.
• Stevedore :Individual or firm that employs longshoremen and who contracts to load or unload the ship.
• Stowage :The placing and securing of containers on board a vessel.
• Stowage :The placing of goods in a ship in such a way as to ensure the safety and stability of the ship not only on a sea or ocean passage but also in between ports when parts of the cargo have been loaded or discharged.
• Stowage Factor :Ratio of a cargo?s cubic measurement to its weight, expressed in cubic feet or cubic meters per ton, used in order to assess the total quantity of cargo which can be loaded in a certain space.
• Stowage Plan :A plan indicating the locations of all the containers on a container vessel (synonym Bayplan)
• Stripping :The unloading of cargo out of a container.
• Stuffing :The loading of cargo into a container.
• Suezmax :Tankers of about 150,000 tons dw. Approximately 150,000 tons dw is the maximum size for a fully loaded vessel to cross the Suez Canal, hence the name ?Suezmax?.
• Surcharge :An additional charge added to the net ocean freight.
• Surcharge :An add-on charge to the applicable charges; motor carriers have a fuel surcharge, and railroads can apply a surcharge to any joint rate that does not yield 110 percent of variable cost.
• Switch Bill of Lading :Often called "the trader's second set" and indented to replace the first set of Bill of Lading issued. Usually used where a seller/trader wishes to keep the name of his supplies i.e. shipper, secret from the ultimate buyer of the goods. Under this type of Bill of Lading only name of the shipper and or consignee and or notify party can be changed. The normal Bill of Lading has to be surrendered, but the Bill of Lading number remains the same.

T

• Tainting :Damage to Kyller caused by odors from other loads. Among the goods that are easily damaged in this way include dairy products and fruit.
• TAMP :Tariff Authority for Major Ports (TAMP) is a tariff regulating authority created under the Major Port Trust Act 1963 to determine the incidence of various port- related dues and maintain parity of rates between the public ports and new privately managed terminals in a port.
• Tank Container :A tank, surrounded by a framework with the overall dimensions of a container for the transport of liquids or gasses in bulk.
• Tank Farms :Tank Farms are essentially shore-based storage facilities for liquid cargo and are often connected by pipeline through which the stored liquid cargo is finally evacuated to actual user sites like refineries.
• Tare weight :The weight of the vehicle when it is empty.
• Tare Weight of Container :Mass of an empty container including all fittings and appliances associated with that particular type of container on its normal operating condition.
• Tariff :A document issued by a carrier setting forth applicable rules, rates, and charges for the movement of goods. The document sets up a contract of carriage between the shipper, consignee, and carrier.
• Terms of Delivery :All the conditions agreed upon between trading partners regarding the delivery of goods and the related services. Note: Under normal circumstances the INCO terms are used to prevent any misunderstandings.
• TEU :Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit. Unit of measurement equivalent to one twenty foot shipping container.
• The principle of subsidiarity :Decisions within the EU will be the ?lowest effective level? in the organization ie. a question must first be decided at national level if the purpose is not better achieved at EU level.
• Third flag carrier (cross trades) :Company that transports freight between foreign ports.
• Through Bill of Lading :A Bill of Lading, which is issued for the entire voyage covering both domestic and international transport of export goods between specified points for specified charges, is called a Through Bill of Lading. This is used generally when the goods have to take more than one mode of transport. Since it does not specify that the goods are on-board the ship, it resembles a Received for Shipment Bill of Lading
• Tidal Ports :Tidal ports are those ports, whose available draft conditions both at the port entrance and at berths are dependent on tidal conditions. Ships at such ports generally enter and leave such ports only in high tide conditions, as available depth under the low tide conditions are not adequate to the movement of ships.
• Tier :A horizontal division of a vessel from bottom to top. The numbers run from bottom to deck and from deck upwards and are used as a part of the indication of a stowage place for containers.
• Time Charter :A contract whereby a vessel is let to a charterer for a stipulated period of time or voyage, for a remuneration known as hire, generally a daily rate per ton deadweight. The ship owner continues to manage the vessel through the master and crew who remain his servants.
• Time charter (time charter) :Ship owners rent out their ships complete and crewed for a payment based on a certain sum per day or a certain sum per ton dw and months. The charterer pays for bunker fuel and port fees.
• Ton-mile :A freight transportation output measure that reflects the shipment's weight and the distance the carrier hauls it; a multiplication of tons hauled and distance traveled.
• Tonnage :A vessel?s tonnage is a place without comparative figures for the ship?s size calculated according to the 1969 International Tonnage Measurement Convention. The gross tonnage of the vessel size and based on the ship?s total enclosed space while the net tonnage is dependent on the volume of the vessel?s hold, number of passengers and ship?s draft in relation to the molded depth. The gross tonnage becomes GT (gross tonnage). although the term UR (Universal Rules) is used to show that the vessel is measured by the latest regulations.
• Total stay at Berth :Total stay at Berth refers to the total time duration of stay of a ship at berth from the time of docking of the ship at the allocated berth to its final departure.
• Towage Charges :Towage charges pertain towage services provided by the port authority.
• Tracing :Determining a shipment's location during the course of a move.
• Tracking :A carrier's system of recording movement intervals of shipments from origins to destinations.
• Tramp Market :The portion of the shipping market where rents vessels for single voyage. Another word for tramp market is the spot market.
• Tramp Service :Vessels operating without a fixed itinerary or schedule or charter contract.
• Transit time :The total time that elapses between a shipment's delivery and its pickup.
• Transmittal Letter :A letter from the shipper to its agent that lists the particulars of a shipment, the documents being transmitted, and instructions for the disposition of those documents.
• Transshipment :A shipment under one Bill of Lading, whereby sea (ocean) transport is ?broken? into two or more parts. The port where the sea (ocean) transport is ?broken? is the transhipment port.
• Transshipment Cargo :Transshipment cargo is received at a port from another nearby port for further movement to distant ports.
• Travel expenses :Costs directly related to the current trip, such as bunkers, port charges, etc.
• Treaty of Rome :Treaty of 1957 establishing the European Economic Community EEC, later the EC.
• Tug Hire Charges :Tug hire charges relate to the tugging services provided by the port operator/authority, which own and operate the tugs.
• Turnaround Time :Turnaround time refers to time taken while a ship is docked at a berth for loading and unloading operations, till the time it leaves the berth.
• Turning Circle :Turning circle is a circular area which enables a ship, to maneuver its way into or out of the berthing area.
• Twistlock :Device which has to be inserted into the corner fittings of a shipping container and is turned or twisted, thus locking the container for the purpose of securing or lifting.

U

• Unitisering / unit loading :Assembly of small packages to large cargo units to facilitate these operations. Such large cargo units can be built up on pallets, load space, etc.

V

• Valuation Charges :Transportation charges to shippers who declare a value of goods higher than the value of the carriers' limits of liability.
• Variable cost :Costs that vary directly with the level of activity within a short time. Examples include costs of moving cargo inland on trains or trucks, stevedoring in some ports, and short-term equipment leases. For business analysis, all costs are either defined as variable or fixed. For a business to break even, all fixed costs must be covered. To make a profit, all variable and fixed costs must be recovered plus some extra amount.
• Vessel Manifest :The international carrier is obligated to make declarations of the ship's crew and contents at both the port of departure and arrival. The vessel manifest lists various details about each shipment by BL number. Obviously, the BL serves as the core source from which the manifest is created.
• Vessel Related Charges :Vessel related charges pertain to those charges that are levied by the port authorities on shipping lines for various ship-related services provided such as anchorage, mooring, pilotage, tugging, towage etc.
• Voyage Charter :A contract whereby the shipowner places the ve
• Voyage Number :Reference number assigned by the carrier to the voyage of the vessel.

W

• War Risk :War risks must be covered under a separate policy for war risks.
• Warehouse :A place for the reception, delivery, consolidation, distribution, and storage of goods/cargo.
• Waybill :Non-negotiable document evidencing the contract for the transport of cargo.
• Weighment Charge :Weighment charges refer to charges for weighing services using facilities such as weigh bridges in a port area.
• Wharf :A place for berthing vessels.
• World Scale (WAS) :An international freight index system for tankers. When tankers are contracted for a cargo shipping is almost always expressed as a percentage of the World Scale Index.